Sunday’s Obituary – The Charles J Shackford Who Died While Sitting in a Chair in 1894 was 60, not 78 (Blog 380)

The Boston Daily Globe reported the death of Charles J Shackford on 22 Dec 1894 as follows:

death-notice-charles-j-shackford-boston-daily-globe-dec-22-1894Charles J. Shackford of 21 Ireson av
died while sitting in a chair at that
place yesterday, from a complication of
diseases. Mr Shackford had resided in
Lynn about 18 years, and was 78 years
of age. He leaves a wife and two
daughters.

We reviewed death records to learn more about this Charles and found Charles J Shackford, a shoemaker who  died in Lynn on December 21, 1894.  The death record lists him as 60 years, 1 month, and 17 days with cause of death listed as apoplexy  The death record lists his parents as Isiah and Mary Garland.

This Charles J Shackford is most likely the son of Josiah R Shackford and Mary Louise Garland born in Barnstead, New Hampshire on November 4, 1834.  We find him in the 1850 census living with his parents and siblings Sylvanus, George W, Hannah, and Frances H A. (We’ve previously written about Samuel Garland Shackford and Elbridge Garland Shackford)

Charles is found next serving with the Sixth Regiment Infantry in Lowell as a 3rd Lieutenant on April 7, 1857.  On December 25, 1858 he married Sarah A King, the daughter of William and Olive (Place) King and  in 1860 was living with his parents and wife in Barnstead.

We find no record of Charles during the civil war or in the 1870 census but find him living at 5 Pearl Street in Lynn as a shoemaker in 1878.  In 1880 we find the family now with two children, Ellita P, age 13 and Lillia A, age 6 in Lowell.  While Charles has been an unemployed shoemaker for three months, the family is earning a living running a large boarding house with eleven boarders.   Jobs must have been scarce in 1880 as most of the boarders are also unemployed shoemakers.

The family remained in Lynn moving frequently living at 202 Essex, 208 Essex, 420 Essex, and 21 Ireson until Charles’ death on December 21, 1894.  He was buried at Pine Grove Cemetery in Lynn.  Sarah remained at 21 Irelson and in 1900 was sharing the home with her two daughters, their husbands, and a granddaughter.  In 1910 she was living with one daughter, and two grandchildren. She died at 21 Ireson on August 2, 1913 and was also buried at the Pine Grove Cemetery in Lynn.

CHILDREN:

Ellita P Shackford (1867-1938) – married Edward Martin McElkinney

Lila Adella Shackford (1873-1944) – married Edwin Clayton Macomber

Sarah may have had more children as the 1900 census states that Sarah had 4 children and 2 living

All posts on this website are a work in progress.  We’d love to learn of any corrections or additions to the information shared.  Also we’d love it if  you’d like the post here or at http://www.facebook.com/shackfordgenealogy) as that helps share the post with others. Thanks!

SOURCES:

1850 United States Census, Barnstead, Belknap, United States, population schedule, , p. 405 (penned) p 203 (stamped), Dwelling 907, Family 988, Josiah R Shackford; digital images, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 29 May 2013); https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MWZZ-TWQ.

1860 United States Census, Belknap County, New Hampshire, population schedule, Barnstead, Page No 40, dwelling 323, family 334, Josiah R Shackford; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://ancestry.com : accessed 30 October 2016).

1880 United States Federal Census, Essex County, Massachusetts, population schedule, Lowell, enumeration district (ED) Enumeration No 212, Page No 28, House No 5, dwelling No 152, family No 222, Chas J Shakford; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://ancestry.com : accessed 30 October 2016).

1900 United States Federal Cenus, Essex County, Massachusetts, population schedule, Lynn, enumeration district (ED) Enumeration District No 364, Sheet No 12, 21 Irelson, dwelling 171, family 264, Sarah A Shackford; digital images, FamilySearch (http://familysearch.org : accessed 30 October 2016).

1910 United States Federal Census, Essex County, Massachusetts, population schedule, Lynn, enumeration district (ED) Enumeration District No 378, Sheet No 13B, 21 Irelson, house visited 216, family 293, Edward M McElhinney; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 30 October 2016).

Annual Report of the Adjutant-General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts For the Year Ending December 31, 1857 (Boston: Wright & Potter, State Printers, 1858), page 66; digital images, HathiTrust (https://babel.hathitrust.org : accessed 30 October 2016.

“LYNN,” Boston Daily Globe (Boston, Massachusetts), 22 December 1894; digital images, Access Newspaper Archives (http://access.newspaperarchive.com : accessed 29 March 2016).

Massachusetts, Massachusetts Deaths, 1841-1915, , Charles J Shackford, 21 December 1894; digital images, Family Search (http://familysearch.org : accessed 11 August 2013).

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Death Records, 1841-1915, , Sarah A King Shackford, 2 August 1913; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 30 October 2016); Massachusetts Vital Records, 1840–1911. New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston, Massachusetts..

Massachusetts, Massachusetts Marriages, 1841-1915, MARRIAGES registered in the City of Lowell for the year 1858 page 151, Charles J Shackford m Sarah M King, 20 December 2013; database with images, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 20 December 2013).

New Hampshire, New Hampshire, Birth Records, 1659-1900, , Charles J Shackford, 4 November 1834; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 17 August 2013); “New Hampshire, Birth Records, through 1900.” Online index and digital images. New England Historical Genealogical Society. Citing New Hampshire Bureau of Vital Records, Concord, New Hampshire.

“U.S. City Directories, 1822-1995,” database, Ancestry.com (www/ancestry.com : accessed 30 October 2016), Charles J Shackford.

Copyright 2017 Joanne Shackford Parkes  (sharing a link to this post is appreciated but please do not just copy this material and paste it elsewhere)

Tuesday’s Tip – You Can’t Always Believe What You Read in the Newspaper! (Blog 379)

Once we read the Jan 23rd letter from Adeline Shackford Hill to Samuel Shackford, stating “is it really true that no William Shackford has departed his life?  That no eighty thousand dollars is to be divided among the numerous simple curious relatives?,” we went hunting for the article Samuel Shackford may have written debunking the story about a William Shackford who left an $80,000 estate.

Since Adeline lived in Dover, New Hampshire we used Ken Mark’s The Ancestor Hunt Web Page, clicked on Newspaper Research Links, then on the New Hampshire Online Historical Newspapers and took a look at the newspapers in the Nashua Public Library.

We didn’t find the article by Samuel Shackford but found this article which was published in the Nashua Daily Telegraph on January 9, 1886 which is most likely the one that got some Shackford’s excited about money possibly coming their way!  The article states:

new-hampshire-in-brief-the-nashua-daily-telegraph-nashua-new-hampshire-9-january-1886-william-shackford-who-died-leaving-80000
Nashua Daily Telegraph, 9 Jan 1886 William Shackford’s death and $80,000 inheritance

– Relatives in Dover, Rochester and Farmington of William Shackford who died lately in Chicago leaving $80,000 but unmarried and no direct heirs are in readiness to receive their respective

portions of the estate.

 

 

Since we haven’t found the article that Samuel published debunking this story we decided to see if we could find the William Shackford who the article was referring to.

We took a look at Chicago deaths using Ancestry databases and found no deaths before 1906:

Cook County, Illinois, Deaths Index, 1878-1922 – no death s until 1906

Cook County, Illinois, Marriage and Death Indexes, 1833-1889 – no Shackfords

We checked every William Shackford & Shackford with a middle name of William in our database to see if we could find a William who had died 3 years before of Jan 9, 1886 or died with a large estate.  Found these Williams,

William A Shackford (1807-1885) – died in Newmarket, with a will,

William Moore Shackford (1789-1875) – died in Portsmouth, NH with a will

We didn’t find any possible William Shackfords who died in Chicago or any wealth Shackfords who left a large estate and no will — we’re still looking forward to finding Samuel’s article to see how he debunked this story.

All posts on this website are a work in progress.  We’d love to learn of any corrections or additions to the information shared.  Also we’d love it if  you’d like the post here or at http://www.facebook.com/shackfordgenealogy) as that helps share the post with others. Thanks!

SOURCES:

“NEW HAMPSHIRE IN BRIEF,” The Nashua Daily Telegraph (Nashua, New Hampshire), 9 January 1886, William Shackford who died leaving $80,000; digital images, Nashua Public Library (http://nashua.advantage-preservation.com/ : accessed 24 October 2016).

Copyright 2017 Joanne Shackford Parkes  (sharing a link to this post is appreciated but please do not just copy this material and paste it elsewhere)

 

Mystery Monday – What Year did Adeline Shackford Hill Write to Samuel Shackford and which William is She Referring To? (Blog 378)

We are very glad that the Winnetka Historical Society saved this delightful letter that Adelaide Shackford Hill, daughter of Abigail Burnham Shackford sent to Samuel Shackford on January 23rd referring to an article that Samuel published debunking a rumor that a William Shackford had died leaving an $80,000 estate.

From Adelaide’s letter we learn that she has previously written to Samuel Shackford, that she is well educated and writes with and entertaining style, that she is taking German lessons and Turkish baths.  We also learn that she is living at 61 Washington Street in Dover, New Hampshire.

We’re hunting for newspaper articles which mention a William Shackford who left a large estate and also for the article by Samuel Shackford debunking this story. (We think there are other letters in this or other collections we’ve recently accessed that refer to this same story but can’t find them at this moment).

img_6911-letter-adaline-s-hill-to-samuel-shackford-jan-23-year-page-1
Letter from Adaline Shackford to Samuel Shackford Jan 23 (page 1 of 5), from Winnetka Historical Society

Adelaide S Hill [written in different handwriting]

Dover N. H. Jan. 23d
Dear Mr Shackford
Are you or
are you not the Samuel Shackford
of Winnetka to whom I have
so long owed a letter; and
if so will you absolve me
for my sin of omission, and
receive me again into your
good graces?
If you have inherited the
“cumulative humanities” of the
generations of Samuel Shackfords
who belong to us, I may take
your olive branch for granted
and proceed on our former
friendly plane.
Your article in tonight’s
paper is a great blow to
me. Is it really true
that no William Shackford
has departed this life? That
no eighty thousand dollars
is to be divided among the
numerous simple curious relatives?
Since hearing of that
unclaimed estate I have
labored with my slate and
pencil and evolved the
delightful possibility that
I, myself, might – come into
the possession of an amount
is larger, that to the end of
my days I could revel in
German lessons and Turkish
baths, my two greatest enjoy-
ments.
And now you ruthlessly
destroy these dreams!
I had even gone so far as to
ask a Justice of the Peace
if he would empower me to
go to Chicago and take possession
of the lamented William’s
effects. But said Justice,
being my paternal relative
and therefore incompetent
to judge of my remarkable
abilities, hesitated, and
now we are lost.
How do you intend to
atone for this destruction
of our hopes? Are we,
without a struggle, to sink
back into all the darkness
and degradation of poverty,-
and have not-even and
opportunity of speaking
our minds to the one who
extinguishes our beacon light?
Never! You are hereby
invited to present yourself
before a court of Shackfords
at 61 Washington Street
Dover New Hampshire
at your earliest convenience.
Per order of the Court –
Your disappointed but
ever dutiful cousin.
Adelaide L. Hill
Clerk

All posts on this website are a work in progress.  We’d love to learn of any corrections or additions to the information shared.  Also we’d love it if  you’d like the post here or at http://www.facebook.com/shackfordgenealogy) as that helps share the post with others. Thanks!

SOURCES:

“Samuel Shackford,” ; [research on shackford family genealogy], 1988.325.1; Samuel Shackford; Winnetka Historical Society, 511 Linden, Winnetka, Illinois. Letter from Adelaide S Hill to Samuel Shackford January 23 [year not listed].

Copyright 2017 Joanne Shackford Parkes  (sharing a link to this post is appreciated but please do not just copy this material and paste it elsewhere)

Sunday’s Obituary – Adelaide Shackford (Hill) Buckley, daughter of Abigail Burnham Shackford (Blog 377)

Adelaide Shackford Hill, the daughter of Levi Gerrish and Abigail Burham (Shackford) Hill was born July 17, 1844 in Somerset, New Hampshire.  We find her in the 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880 census living with her parents in Dover, New Hampshire.

Abigail was 42 when she married Rev James Monroe Buckley, the editor of the Christian Advocate and noted Methodist on August 23, 1886.  We’d love to learn how they met!.  Adelaide moved to Morristown, New Jersey with her new husband and helped raise his daughter Sarah from a previous marriage.  She also applied for and was accepted into the Daughters of the American Revolution.

Adelaide died on April 23, 1910, the day after she was recorded in the 1910 census in Morristown.  She was buried in the Pine Hill Cemetery in Dover, New Hampshire.

Fortunately we learn a lot about Abigail from her obituary – where she was educated, that she was known for her understanding of literature, that she wrote poems and was very involved in her community.  We do believe that the obituary incorrectly infers that Abigail was the mother of Monroe Buckley, born Aug 2, 1876.  This is based on his application to the Sons of the American Revolution lists his father as James Monroe Buckley and his mother as Sarah Isabella Staples.  Also James married Adelaide in 1886 after Monroe was born.  Abigail would have been his and his sister Sarah’s (born 1883)step mother.

obituary-mrs-adelaide-shackford-buckley-new-york-observer-v-88-1910
Mrs James M Buckley, New York Observer, 28 Apr 1910

Mrs. James M. Buckley
Adelaide Shackford Hill Buckley, daugh-
ter of the late Dr. Levi G. Hill, and wife
of the Rev. James M. Buckley, D.D., edi-
tor of The Christian Advocate, died at
her home at Morristown, N. J., on April
24, after a long illness. Mrs. Buckley
was born in Somersworth, N. H. and was
educated at the Friends’ Boarding School
in Providence. Highly cultured in litera-
ture, Mrs. Buckley translated in the Ger-
man and wrote several poems. She was
a member of Colonial Dames and had
been elected to represent the New Jersey
Society at the national council in Wash-
ington this month. Mrs. Buckley was
also a Daughter of the Revolution, vice-
president of the Morristown branch of
the McCall Society, one of the Board of
Managers of the Morristown Women’s
Exchange and the Memorial Hospital, the
Morristown Society and St. Christopher’s
Home, of New York City. Besides her
husband, she leaves one son, Monroe, of
Philadelphia.

All posts on this website are a work in progress.  We’d love to learn of any corrections or additions to the information shared.  Also we’d love it if  you’d like the post here or at http://www.facebook.com/shackfordgenealogy) as that helps share the post with others. Thanks!

SOURCES:

1850 United States Federal Census, Strafford County, New Hampshire, population schedule, Dover, page 109 (pened), 55 (stamped), dwelling 567, family number 857, Levi G Hill; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 21 November 2015).

1860 United States Federal Census, Strafford County, New Hampshire, population schedule, Ward 3, Dover City, Page No 103, dwelling 542, family 835, Levi G Hill; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 21 November 2015).

1870 United States Federral Census, Strafford County, New Hampshire, population schedule, Dover, Ward 3, Page No 56, dwelling 426, family 474, Levi G Hill; digital images, FamilySearch (http://familysearch.org : accessed 21 November 2015).

1880 United States Federal Census, Strafford County, New Hampshire, population schedule, Dover, enumeration district (ED) Enumeration District No 243, Page No 11, dwelling 65, family 123, Levi G Hill; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 12 September 2014).

1900 United States Federal Census, Morris County, New Jersey, population schedule, Morristown, enumeration district (ED) Enumeration District No 65, Sheet No 10, 46 Hill Street, dwelling 172, family 212, James M Buckly; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 23 October 2016).

1910 United States Federal Census, Morris County, New Jersey, population schedule, Morristown, enumeration district (ED) Enumeration District No 26, Sheet No 7, dwelling 46, no of house visited 113, family 106, James M Buckley; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 23 October 2016).

Dolliver Louise Pearsons, Lineage Book National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Vol XX 19001-20000, 1897 (Washington, D.C.: 1905), page 129-130; digital images, Hathi Trust (http://babel.hathitrust.org/ : accessed 17 January 2016; Mrs. Adelaide Shackford Hill Buckley, 19352

Find A Grave, Find A Grave, digital images (http://www.findagrave.com : accessed 23 October 2016), Adelaide Shackford Hill Buckley, Find A Grave Memorial# 148598536

“Mrs James M Buckley,” The New York Observer (New York, New York), 28 April 1910; digital images, HathiTrust (http//www.hathitrust.org : accessed 3 March 2014).

New Hampshire, Death and Disinterment Records, 1754-1947, , Adelaid S Buckley d., 23 April 1910; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 9 February 2014); New England Historical Genealogical Society. Citing New Hampshire Bureau of Vital Records, Concord, New Hampshire.

“New Hampshire, Marriage and Divorce Records, 1659-1947,” digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 23 October 2016), Adelaide S Hill m James Munro Buckley

Copyright 2017 Joanne Shackford Parkes  (sharing a link to this post is appreciated but please do not just copy this material and paste it elsewhere)

Sibling Saturday – Placing the Emeline Shackford Who Married Peter Cushing in 1854 into the Right Shackford Family (Blog 376)

Back in January 2002 a very nice person from Oxnard, California posted a notice on one of the RootsWeb message boards that they had received unsolicited a marriage record for Peter Cushing and Emeline Shackford. I was stationed in Korea at the time but was regularly searching the message boards for Shackford and asked to see a copy of the record.  I still have a copy of her wonderful e-mail dated January 6, 2002 where she shared what is most likely a summary of the marriage record we can now can see online at

marriage-record-emeline-shackford-m-peter-cushing-nov-2-1854-clipping
Marriage Record Peter Cushing and Emeline Shackford

My summary of this record was as follow:

MARRIAGES Registered in the Town of Weymouth for the year 1854, page 240
No 33, November 24, Peter Cushing, resident of Weymouth, age 27, born in Weymouth, stabler, parents Peter H & Deborah Cushing, first marriage, Emeline Shackford, resident of Boston, age 24, born in Boston, parents Joseph Shackford, 1st marriage, married by John E Davenport, Clergyman, Weymouth

The note from the wonderful person from California said “Now that you have the father’s name and the place where she was born, perhaps you can follow-up and find out a lot more.”

Since 2002, Emeline has been listed in my database with a birth date of abt 1830 as the child of Joseph and every once in a while I’d look for records that helped me determine which Joseph this was.

This summer we  found a family record sheet submitted by Abner R Shackford to Samuel Shackford which listed one of his siblings as Emeline with a birth date of Feb 7, 1830 born in Boston.  Someone had added m. Cushing 2 children.

We then realized that the Peter Cushing Emeline had married lived in Weymouth and found multiple census records showing the couple in Weymouth.  Then we realized that Emeline was one year old when her father William died and her mother then married Joseph Newell who probably raised her.  It was Joseph who was alive when Emeline married Peter Cushing which is probably why her father is listed as Joseph in her marriage record.

We reviewed census records and find Emeline with Joseph and Abner in 1850, with Peter Cushing, a stable keeper in 1855, with Peter, a boot maker in 1860, in the 1865 census,  in the 1880 census with Peter’ parents, and as a widow in the 1900 census with her son Frederick.  (Peter had died in 1883 and was buried in Weymouth.) We don’t know when Emeline died, where she was buried or much else about her — she did raise a son and daughter.

CHILDREN

Frederick Herbert Cushing (1855-1939) – married Mary Binney Our, teamster and driver

Mary Emma Cushing (1860-1933) – married Wallace Herbert Allen,

Research Questions:

When did Emeline (Shackford) Cushing die and where was she buried.  Was she mentioned in any church bulletins or newspapers?

This (and all other posts on this website) are a work in progress.  We’d love to learn of any corrections or additions to the information shared here as we are hoping to learn more of these families or hear from any descendants.  We’re also looking for any other source information pertaining to this family line.  And if you liked or learned something new from this post, please like the post or the Facebook version (www.facebook.com/shackfordgenealogy) as that helps share the post with others.  Thanks!

SOURCES:

1850 United States Federal Census, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, population schedule, Boston, Ward 10, no page number, dwelling 783 family 1214; digital images, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 10 March 2014).

1855 Massachusetts State Census, Norfolk County, population schedule, Weymouth, no page number, dwelling ??9, family 133, Peter Cushing; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 3 August 2014).

1860 United States Federal Census, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, Weymouth, Page No. 400, dwelling 1422, family 1673, Peter Cushing; digital images, FamilySearch (http://familysearch.org : accessed 17 October 2016).

1865 Massachusetts State Census, Norfolk County, population schedule, Weymouth, dwelling 5, family 6, Peter Cushing; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 12 June 2016).

1880 United States Federal Census, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, population schedule, Weymoth, enumeration district (ED) Enumeration District No 534, Page No 3, dwelling 29, family 31, Peter H Cushing; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 18 October 2016).

1900 United States Federal Census, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, population schedule, Weymouth, enumeration district (ED) Enumeration District No 1083, Sheet No 16, West St, dwelling 355, family 371, Frederick H Cushing; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 12 June 2016).

Find A Grave, Find A Grave, digital images (http://www.findagrave.com : accessed 17 October 2016), Peter Cushing, Find A Grave Memorial# 39326548.

“Letter from Abner R Shackford to Samuel Shackford Nov 25, 1888,” 1988.325.1, [Research on Shackford family genealogy], ; Samuel Shackford, Winnetka Historical Society, Winnetka Illinois.

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Marriage Records, 1840-1915, , Emeline Shackford m. Peter Cushing, 2 November 1854; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 30 July 2013).

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, , Peter Cushing, 7 January 1883; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 17 October 2016); Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records..

Wedding Wednesday – Caroline Elizabeth Shackford marries her sister-in-law’s father Joel Whittemore (Blog 375)

Caroline Elizabeth Shackford, the daughter of William and Mercy (Rose) Shackford was born Dec 19, 1823 in Weymouth, Massachusetts. (While the Massachusetts Births and Christenings Record only gives us a year and location of her birth, this letter from her brother Abner provides us with an exact date of her birth).

Caroline and Lebbeus H Varney announced their marriage intention on Dec 1, 1844 in Roxbury, Massachusetts and married on Jan 6, 1845. Their marriage was announced in the Boston Post which stated they both lived in Jamaica Plain.  We haven’t been able to find much about Lebbeus but do find we find 36 year old Lebbus H Varney with a 26 year old Caroline Varney in the 1850 census  — he’s working as a carpenter and has 900 in real property.

We have found no other record of Lebbeus H Varney in the Massachusetts area and have not found a divorce record but do find a record showing that on September 4, 1864, Caroline E Varney with parents William Shackford and Mercy Shackford married Joel Shackford, a jeweler, son of Joel and Catherine. Joel was also the father of Georgianna, the wife of Abner, Caroline’s brother.

caroline-varney-m-joel-whittemore

In May 1865 we find Joel, age 65, a watchmaker, with Caroline, age 44, her brother Abner, age 37, his wife and Joel’s daughter, Georgianna, and Abner & Georgianna’s 11 year old daughter Frances A Shackford.  Also living in this home was 70 year old Mercy Newell, the mother of Caroline and Abner.  That September Joel who had been married previously to Margaret Hersey updated his will defining which property (mostly pictures drawn by his deceased daughter Helen) was to be given to his children and stating that his wife Caroline Elizabeth would be his exectrix and would receive the remainder of his property.  Unfortunately Joel died of pneumonia two months later on November 28, 1865.

On September 2, 1866, Caroline married Charles Lewis Palmer, a painter whose first wife, Hannah Z French had died on August 11, 1865.  He was raising multiple children who were still living at home. After his marriage to Caroline, we find the family recorded in the 1870 census in Brookline with six children ranging from age 24 to age 9.  Unfortunately Caroline died of bilious colic tubercular peritonitis on November 18, 1877.  We’re not sure where she was buried.

We still have some research questions regarding Caroline:

  1.  Who were Lebbeus H Varney’s parents and when did he die?

2.  Where was Caroline buried?

This (and all other posts on this website) are a work in progress.  We’d love to learn of any corrections or additions to the information shared here as we are hoping to learn more of these families or hear from any descendants.  We’re also looking for any other source information pertaining to this family line.  And if you liked or learned something new from this post, please like the post or the Facebook version (www.facebook.com/shackfordgenealogy) as that helps share the post with others.  Thanks!

SOURCES:

1850 United States Federal Census, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, Roxbury, dwelling 2486, family 3264, Lebbeus H Varney; digital images, FamilySearch (http://familysearch.org : accessed 1 November 2014).

1865 Massachusetts Census, Suffolk County, population census, Boston, Ward 11, Page 23-19, dwelling 2200, family 3434, Joel Whitteman; digital images, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 10 March 2014).

“Letter from Abner R Shackford to Samuel Shackford Nov 25, 1888,” 1988.325.1, [Research on Shackford family genealogy], ; Samuel Shackford, Winnetka Historical Society, Winnetka Illinois.

“MARRIED.,” Boston Post (Boston, Massachusetts), 8 January 1845; digital images, Newspapers. com (http://www.newspapers.com : accessed 8 July 2014).

Massachusetts “Massachusetts Births and Christenings, 1639-1915,” database, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 8 July 2014), Caroline Shackford.

“Massachusetts Marriages, 1695-1910,” index, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 1 November 2014), Lebbeus H Varney m Caroline Shackford 6 Jan 1845.

“Massachusetts Marriages, 1695-1910,” index, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 23 October 2013), Joel Whittemore m Caroline E Shackford Varney 4 Sep 1864.

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Death Records, 1841-1915, , Joel Whittemore, 28 November 1865; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 25 September 2016); Massachusetts Vital Records, 1840–1911. New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston, Massachusetts.

Massachusetts, Massachusetts Marriages, 1841-1915, , Caroline E Whittemore m Charles L Palmer, 2 September 1866; digital images, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 12 April 2015).

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, , Caroline E Shackford m.i. Lebbeus H Varney, 1 December 1844; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 25 September 2016); Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records..

Mystery Monday – Who Were the Parents of the Thomas Shackford admitted to the American Asylum for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb in 1829? (Blog 374)

While searching for Shackford’s we came across this notice in the Fourteenth Report of the Directors of the American Asylum, at Hartford for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, Exhibited to the Asylum, May 8, 1830 which shows that Thomas Shackford of Boston, Mass. was admitted to the Hartford School for the Deaf in 1829 and is still as student at the school. :

thomas-shackford-fourteenth-report-of-the-directors-of-the-american-asylum-at-hartford-for-the-education-and-instruction-of-the-deaf-and-dumb-exhibited-to-the-asylum-may-8-1830-hartford-hudson-an
Fourteenth Report of the Directors of the American Asylum, at Hartford for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, May 8, 1830

The 28th Report of the Directors show that Thomas Shackford was admitted at the age of 13 in 1829 which indicated he must have been born about 1816.  The document showed that the cause of his deafness was congenital, listed no parents, showed that he was supported at the school by the State of Massachusetts, and tells us that he was being trained as a mechanic.

We reviewed our Thomas Shackfords born 1815 +/- five years and find:

  1. Thomas Shackford, b. 30 Oct 1815 to William and Mercy (Rose) Shackford, d. 29 Jan 1874 in Boston, a Carpenter (have exact dates for his birth and death thanks to a letter his brother Abner R Shackford sent to Samuel Shackford of Chicago which does not mention that this brother was deaf)
  2. Thomas Shackford, b abt 1815 to Joseph and Mary (Palmer) Shackford, mariner, died July 30, 1882 in Boston, buried Rainsford Island Cemetery in Boston. (know very little about this Thomas)
  3. Thomas S Shackford b. 1817 in Eaton, NH, d. 1873 in Eaton, NH., have him in Eaton in many future censuses

As we continue to research Thomas Shackford’s who were deaf, we find a Thomas, age 34, listed as deaf & dumb listed in the 1850 census living in Nashville, NH in the household of Thomas Knowles, a carpenter who is deaf & dumb.

In the 1855 Massachusetts census we find a Thomas living with Abner R Shackford and his mother Mercy (Rose) (Shackford) Newell.  They are living in the same dwelling as their brother William Brown Shackford.

These two censuses help us verify that the Thomas Shackford who was deaf was the son of William and Mercy (Rose), was born Oct 30, 1815 and died Jan 29, 1874.  We then went back to our Ancestry trees, looked and detached some the sources that referred to a carpenter that we’d attached to Thomas #2 above and moved them to Thomas #1.

Further research indicated that Thomas Shackford was involved in the New England Gallaudet Association of Deaf Mutes – he served as chairman at a Cambridge meeting.  He was also the treasurer of the Boston Deaf and Dumb Library and Lyceum Association, serving as it’s treasurer.  He submitted a petition for aid from the state for this organization to the committee on Public Charitable Institutions on Jan 28, 1874.

We’re pretty certain that Thomas lived at 11 Indiana in Boston in 1869 and 1870.  Other residents at the same address were William Allen, a machinist, James C Leavitt, Matilda G Leavitt, a dressmaker, and Joseph Wells, a barber.  We wonder if they were also deaf.

Thomas died on January 29, 1874, probably of heart disease.  He was buried in the Village Cemetery in Weymouth, Massachusetts near his sister Louisa (Shackford) Cushing.

The Deaf-Mute’s Journal honored Thomas Shackford with this statement in 1882, eight years after his death:

burial-of-thomas-shackford-deaf-mutes-journal-new-york-new-york-30-march-18
Deaf-Mute’s Journal, 30 March 1882

The late Thomas Shackford, of Boston, Mass.,
had a number of relatives and residents in Wey-
mouth, Mass. The tombstone over the remains
of Mr. Shackford, can be seen in the village
cemetery. Mr. S. was a respectable and popular
deaf-mute.

We believe that Thomas Shackford’s probate was filed in Brookline as case number 16396.

We still have these unanswered research questions regarding Thomas:

Are there any other newspaper articles mentioning Thomas Shackford’s involvement in deaf mute organizations?

Can we find the probate records for Thomas Shackford – Brookline, Massachusetts No 16396?

Can we find Thomas Shackford in the 1860 census records?

All posts on this website are a work in progress.  We’d love to learn of any corrections or additions to the information shared.  Also we’d love it if  you’d like the post here or at http://www.facebook.com/shackfordgenealogy) as that helps share the post with others. Thanks!

SOURCES:

1850 United States Federal Census, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, population schedule, Town of Nashville, page 399 (penned), 200 (stamped), dwelling ???, family 147, Josiah Knowles; digital images, FamilySearch (http://familysearch.org : accessed 23 October 2013).

1855 Massachusetts State Census, Suffolk County, population schedule, Boston, Ward 10, page 30 (penned), dwelling 180, family 210, Abner Shackford; digital images, Family Search (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 23 October 2013).

The Boston Directory, Embracing the City Record, Genera Directory of the Citizens, and a Business Directory. No LXV. For the Year Commencing July 1, 1869 (Boston: Sampson, Davenport, & Co, 1870), page 596, Thomas Shackford; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 17 October 2016).

Commonwealth of Massachusetts, The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1874 (Boston: Wright & Potter, n.d.), page 61; 1874, HathiTrust (http://babel.hathitrust.org : accessed 3 August 2014.

Find A Grave, Find A Grave, digital images (http://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 February 2014), Thomas Shackford, Find A Grave Memorial# 94226650.

Fourteenth Report of the Directors of the American Asylum, at Hartford for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, Exhibited to the Asylum, May 8, 1830 (Hartford: Hudson and Skinner, 1830), Thomas Shackford; digital images, Hathi Trust (http://babel.hathitrust.org : accessed 17 October 2016.

“The late Thomas Shackford,” Deaf-Mute’s Journal (New York, New York), 30 March 1882; digital image, Fulton History (http://www.fultonhistory.com/Fulton.html : accessed 31 July 2016).

N. E. Gallaudet Association of Deaf Mutes The Proceedings of the Constitutional Committee Convened at Henniker, New Hampshire, January 4, 1854 (Bradford, Vt: Inquirer Office, 1854), Proceedings of the Meeting of Deaf Mutes Held in Boston, on the Evening of March 9, 1854; digital images, Google Books (http://books.google.com : accessed 31 July 2016

“Norfolk County, MA Probate Index 1793-1900,” database, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 13 July 2014), Thomas Shackford.

Organization of the Boston Deaf and Dumb Library and Lyceum Association,” Mexico Independent and Deaf-Mutes’ Journal (Mexico, New York), 14 November 1872; dgital images, New York Historic Newspapers (http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/ : accessed 31 July 2016).

Massachusetts, Massachusetts Deaths, 1841-1915, DEATHS REGISTERED in the Town of Brookline for the Year eighteen hundred and seventy-four, page 230, Thomas Shackford, death, 29 January 1874; digital images, Family Search (http://familysearch.org : accessed 10 August 2013).

The Twenty-Eighth Report of the Directors of the American Asylum, at Harvard, for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb. Exhibited to the Asylum May 11, 1844 (Hartford: Case, Tifany and Burnham, 1844), ; digital images, Hathi Trust (http://babel.hathitrust.org : accessed 3 August 2014.

“U.S. City Directories, 1822-1995,” database, Ancestry.com (www/ancestry.com : accessed 9 October 2016), Thomas Shackford.

Updated 7/18/2017 to delete research question regarding an obituary in the Boston papers.

Copyright 2017 Joanne Shackford Parkes  (sharing a link to this post is appreciated but please do not copy this material and paste it elsewhere)

Wedding Wednesday – 18 yr old Louisa Shackford Married 18 yr old Edward Cushing on Feb 3, 1840 (Blog 373)

We have two sources for the birth date of 15 Jul 1821 of Louisa Shackford, the daughter of William and Mercy (Rose) Shackford:  the letter from her brother Abner R Shackford sent to Samuel Shackford in 1888 and a calculated birth date based on her death record recorded in Weymouth, Massachusetts.

Louisa lost her father when she was 9 years old.  She was 18 when she married 18 year old Edward Cushing, the son of Thomas and Hannah (Lincoln) Cushing on 3 Feb 1840 in Weymouth, Massachusetts.  Their marriage was also announced in the Feb 12, 1840 edition of the Columbian Centinel.

marriage-record-edward-cushing-louisa-shackford-typed

We find Edward and Louisa and their family living in Weymouth in the 1850, 1855, 1860, 1865, 1870, 1870, and 1880 censuses – Louisa’s mother Mercy (Rose) (Shackford) Newell was living with them in 1860.

Louisa’s husband Edward was a member of the Weymouth militia in 1856 and 1857 who was 41 and working as a boot treer when he enlisted in Company H of the 12th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.  He received a bullet in the arm during the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1863, was moved to the Invalid Corp on July 1, 1863 and mustered out on November 17, 1865 when the war had ended.  His family received family aid during the years he served – $144 dollars in 1863 and $128 in 1864.

After the war, Edward continued to work as a boot treer (a worker who cleans and dresses completed shoe uppers and irons out wrinkles).  The family lived in Weymouth at Walnut north of the Braintree line.

Edward joined the Reynolds Post No 58 in 1868 and was elected Junior Vice Commander in 1871. The post wrote a moving obituary when he died of pneumonia on January 27, 1882 and called him a “genial, generous hearted comrade who would miss him a a wise and judicious counselor.”  His wife Louisa died two months later on March 9, 1882 of oedema of the lungs.  They were buried together at the Village Cemetery in Weymouth.

Children:

William Edward Cushing (1840-1891) – served in civil war, married Elizabeth Carnell

Mary B Cushing (1843-1859) – died age 16 of lung & typhoid fever

Charles Thomas Cushing (1845-1846)

Frank Cushing (1848-1850) – died age 2 of influenza

Emery Lester (1854-1914) – married Mary Elizabeth Shaw

Florence Cushing (1856-1933) – married George Walter Thayer

Nellie Louise Cushing (1860-after 1940) – married George Addison Lovell, divorced, then married William Joseph Chaplin

All posts on this website are a work in progress.  We’d love to learn of any corrections or additions to the information shared.  Also we’d love it if  you’d like the post here or at http://www.facebook.com/shackfordgenealogy) as that helps share the post with others. Thanks!

SOURCES:

1850 United States Federal Census, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, Quincy, page 527 (penned), 264 (stamped), dwelling 398, family 537, Edward Cushing; digital images, FamilySearch (http://familysearch.org : accessed 1 July 2014).

1855 Massachusetts State Census, Norfolk County, population schedule, Weymouth, no page number, dwelling 25, family 32, Edward Cushing; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 1 July 2014).

1860 United States Federal Census, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, population schedule, Weymouth, page 65-2?, dwelling 1424, family 1645, Edward Cushing; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 1 July 2014).

1870 United States Federal Census, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, population schedule, Weymouth, Page No 28, Edward Cushing; digital images, FamilySearch (http://familysearch.org : accessed 1 July 2014).

1880 United States Federal Census, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, population schedule, Weymouth, enumeration district (ED) Enumeration District No 534, Page No 46, dwelling 347, family 489, Edward Cushing; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 1 July 2014).

Find A Grave, Find A Grave, digital images (http://www.findagrave.com : accessed 6 August 2015), Edward Cushing, Find A Grave Memorial# 94226274.

“Letter from Abner R Shackford to Samuel Shackford Nov 25, 1888,” 1988.325.1, [Research on Shackford family genealogy], ; Samuel Shackford, Winnetka Historical Society, Winnetka Illinois.

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, p. 98, Louisa Cushing, 9 March 1882; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 14 May 2013); Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records.

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, , Edward Cushing, 1863; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 12 October 2016); Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records.

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, , Edward Cushing, 1856; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 12 October 2016); Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records.

Massachusetts, Massachusetts Deaths, 1841-1915, DEATHS REGISTERED IN THE Town of Weymouth for the Year eighteen hundred and eighty-two page 2, Louisa Shackford Cushing, death, 9 March 1882; digital images, Family Search (http://familysearch.org : accessed 11 August 2013).

“U.S. City Directories, 1822-1995,” database, Ancestry.com (www/ancestry.com : accessed 12 October 2016), Edward Cushing.

“U.S. Civil War Soldier Records and Profiles,” database, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 10 October 2016), Edward Cushing; Massachusetts Soldiers, Sailors and Marines in the Civil WarGAR Dept of Massachusetts 1866-1947 (Sargent).

“U.S., Newspaper Extractions from the Northeast, 1704-1930,” Images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 12 October 2016), Edward Cushing and Louisa Shackford.

Weymouth Historical Society, History of Weymouth Massachusetts in Four Volumes Vol. 1 Historical (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1923), page 358; digital images, HathiTrust (https://babel.hathitrust.org : accessed 31 July 2016.

Copyright 2017 Joanne Shackford Parkes  (sharing a link to this post is appreciated but please do not copy this material and paste it elsewhere)

 

Census Sunday – Comparing the 1820 and 1830 Censuses to the Family of William Shackford (1789-1831) (Blog 372)

The 1820 and 1830 censuses list the name of the head of household, the sex and age ranges of members in a household (ex: number of free white males age 26-44 or number of free white females under the age of 10).  Because the census does not include names of household members or their relationships, we are not ever totally certain who lived in the household however one can make a best guess as to who lived in a household.

We chose to compare the 1820 and 1830 census to William Shackford’s family by creating the attached spreadsheet.  The comparison shows us that the censuses match William’s family within the ranges of ages listed in these censuses with the addition of one additional female family member age 45 and over living in the household in the 1820 census.

analysis-of-william-shackford-photo
William Shackford’s family compared to the 1820 and 1830 census and Ages of Children in 1831 when William Died

Once we’d created the spreadsheet, we decided to learn more about William’s household after William died and discover that his wife Mercy was left to care for a family with 9 children ages 19,  17, 16, 12, 10, 8, 4, 3,and 1.  This helps us understand why two years after William’s death, Mercy married Joseph Newell, a man almost 30 years her age and may help us understand more about the lives of her children who lost a father at such a young age.

All posts on this website are a work in progress.  We’d love to learn of any corrections or additions to the information shared.  Also we’d love it if  you’d like the post here or at http://www.facebook.com/shackfordgenealogy) as that helps share the post with others. Thanks!

SOURCES:

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, , Marcy Shackford m Joseph Newell, ; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 12 June 2016); Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records.

Parkes Joanne Shackford, “: Treasure Chest Thursday – “Although I have never seen you would like to have you come and see us if you come east”(Blog 370),” Parkes, Joanne Shackford, SHACKFORD Family History Blog 370, 7 October 2016 (https://shackfordfamilyhistory.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/treasure-chest-thursday-although-i-have-never-seen-you-would-like-to-have-you-come-and-see-us-if-you-come-east/ : accessed 19 July 2017).

Copyright 2017 Joanne Shackford Parkes  (sharing a link to this post is appreciated but please do not just copy this material and paste it elsewhere)

 

 

William Shackford of Newburyport (1789-1831), – Mason of Boston (Blog 371)

Our only source for the birth of William Shackford, the son of Levi and Tamson (Greenleaf) Shackford, is Abner R Shackford’s letter to Samuel Shackford which states that William was born July 22, 1789.

William Shackford m Mercy RoseWilliam, married Mercy Rose, the daughter of  Eber and Elizabeth (Greene) Rose of Newbury in Newburyport on March 19, 1812.  According to Abner’s letter, she was born January 24, 1795.

William’s first two children William Brown and Joseph were born in Newburyport in 1812 and 1814, his other children Thomas, Abner R. (died young), Mary B, Louisa, Caroline Elizabeth, Abner R, Lucinda, and Emeline were born in either Weymouth or Boston which indicates that he moved to Boston.

By 1820, William was a mason and lived at Elliot Street, then in 1825 on Carver Street, in 1826 in Rear 39 Warren Street and by 1830 at 29 Boylston Street.

When we reviewed the 1832 and 1833 directories we find his widow Mercy living at the same address.  This helps confirm that the William Shackford we find in these directories is the same William Shackford.

william-shackford-boston-directory-1830-page-272
Boston Directory 1830
william-shackford-boston-directory-1831-page-287
Boston Directory, 1831
mercy-shackford-widow-of-william-shackford-1832-boston-directory-p-288
Boston Directory, 1832
boston-directory-1833-mercy-shackford-widow-of-william-clipping
Boston Directory, 1833

Died in Boston William Shackford aged 41 NEW-HAMPSHIRE GAZETTE June 07, 1831William died on May 15, 1831 of pleurisy in Boston and was buried in South B Gd.  His death was reported in the New Hampshire Gazette on June 9, 1831.

William’s widow Mercy married Joseph Newell on January 18, 1834 who was living 29 Boylston in 1835, 1837, 1838, and 1840.  The 1837 directory lists Mercy’s two children William B and Joseph living at the same address.

1837 Boston Directory Listing Joseph Newell.JPG
Boston Directory, 1837
1837-boston-directory-listing-joseph-shackford-and-william-b-shackford
Boston Directory, 1837

CHILDREN:

William Brown Shackford (1812-1866) – married Catherine T Mullett

Joseph Shackford (1814-1839)

Thomas Shackford (1815-1874)

Abner Shackford (1817-1818)

Mary B Shackford (1819-1841)

Louisa Shackford (1821-1882) – married Edward Cushing

Caroline Elizabeth Shackford (1823-1877) -married Lebbeus H Varney, Joel Whittemore, and Charles Lewis Palmer

Abner R Shackford (1827-1900) – married Georgianna Whittemore

Lucinda W Shackford (1828-1839)

Emeline Shackford (1830-1910) – married Peter Cushing

All posts on this website are a work in progress.  We’d love to learn of any corrections or additions to the information shared.  Also we’d love it if  you’d like the post here or at http://www.facebook.com/shackfordgenealogy) as that helps share the post with others. Thanks!

SOURCES:

1830 US Federal Census, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, population schedule, Boston, page 365, William Shackford; digital images, Ancestry.com(http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 9 June 2018).

“DEATHS,” New Hampshire Gazette (Portsmouth, New Hampshire), 7 June 1831, page 3, William Shackford; digital images, NewsBank (infoweb.newsbank.com : accessed ), America’s Historical Newspapers.

“DIED,” New Hampshire Gazette (Portsmouth, New Hampshire), 7 June 1831; digital images, NewsBank(infoweb.newsbank.com : accessed 9 June 2018), America’s Historical Newspapers.

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, , Marcy Shackford m Joseph Newell, ; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 12 June 2016); Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records..

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, , William Shackford, 15 May 1831; digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 6 October 2016); Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records.

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, , William Shackford, 15 May 1831; digital images, Ancestry.com(http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 9 June 2018); Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records..

Shackford Abner R, (Roslinda, Massachusetts) to Samuel Shackford, letter, 25 November 1888; Samuel Shackford Collection, privately held by Winnetka Historical Society. [address for private use], Winnetka, Illinois, 2016

Vital Records of Newburyport Massachusetts to the End of the Year 1849 Volume II Marriages and Deaths (Salem, Mass: The Essex Institute, Newcomb & Gauss, 1911), page 427; digital images, Archive.org (https://archive.org : accessed 7 October 2016.

“U.K. and U.S. Directories, 1680-1830,” database, Ancestry(http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 9 June 2018), William Shackford.

Copyright 2018 Joanne Shackford Parkes  (sharing a link to this post is appreciated but please do not just copy this material and paste it elsewhere).  Updated June 9, 2018 – reworded to summarize William’s life.